General Awareness

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS - January 2025

Jan 2025

Nov 28, 2025

Gen Horta N'Tam New Guinea-Bissau Leader

An army general was sworn in as Guinea-Bissau's new head of state a day after an apparent coup.
Gen Horta N'Tam became the transitional President for a period of one year. He took the oath in brief and muted proceedings at army headquarters.
Some civil society groups in Guinea-Bissau have accused outgoing President Umaro Sissoco Embaló of masterminding a "simulated coup" against himself with the help of the military, saying it was a ruse to block election results from coming out in case he lost.

General Sahir Shamshad Mirza Retires as Pakistan's Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee

General Sahir Shamshad Mirza retired as Pakistan's Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC), coinciding with the abolition of the top position under the newly passed 27^th Constitutional Amendment.
The major tweak in the constitution reorganised the higher defence hierarchy by introducing the post of Chief of Defence Forces (CDF).
Army Chief Field Marshal Asim Munir will be the first CDF of the country. He was appointed as the army chief in 2024 for three years.
The 27^th Constitutional Amendment allows Munir to stay in office as CDF till 2030.

Nov 27, 2025

CEC Gyanesh Kumar to Chair International IDEA in 2026

Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar is set to assume the Chairship of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) for 2026.
He will take over the position on December 3, 2025, during the Council of Member States meeting in Stockholm, Sweden. As chair, the Chief Election Commissioner will preside over all Council meetings in 2026.
As chair, Gyanesh Kumar will leverage India's experience in holding the biggest elections in the world to influence IIDEA's international agenda.
International IDEA is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1995 with a core mission to strengthen democratic institutions and processes worldwide. Headquartered in Stockholm, the organisation currently has 35 member countries.

PM Modi Unveils Dr. Ambedkar's Bust in Paris

Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed immense pride on the unveiling of a bust of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris on Constitution Day.
The Prime Minister stated that this historic occasion is a fitting tribute to Dr. Ambedkar and his pivotal role in the making of India's Constitution. He emphasized that Dr. Ambedkar's thoughts and ideals continue to give strength and hope to innumerable people across the world.

Nov 24, 2025

China Begins Building First Nuclear-Resistant Artificial Floating Island

In a bold stride toward futuristic infrastructure, China has begun building the world's first artificial floating island capable of withstanding nuclear explosions, severe storms, and long-term sea conditions. Scheduled for completion and operational readiness by 2028, this massive, mobile research platform marks a major leap in maritime engineering, national security, and scientific capability.
Named the Deep-Sea All-Weather Resident Floating Research Facility, the artificial island is being developed by a team from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU).

UAE Becomes World's Third-Largest Humanitarian Donor in 2025

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was ranked as the third-largest contributor of humanitarian aid globally in 2025, according to newly released data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). The Financial Tracking Service (FTS) report showed that the UAE contributed $1.46 billion in humanitarian assistance this year, representing 7.2% of all global aid tracked by the UN. The UAE ranked only behind the United States and the European Union, surpassing all other countries in international humanitarian giving.

Nov 23, 2025

Turkey Set to Host COP31 after Reaching Compromise with Australia

The COP31 climate meeting is now expected to be held in Turkey after Australia dropped its bid to host the annual event.
Under the UN rules, the right to host the COP in 2026 falls to a group of countries made up of Western Europe, Australia and others.
A consensus must be reached but neither country had been willing to concede. Australia has now agreed to support the Turkish bid in return for their minister chairing the talks following negotiations at COP30, currently being held in Brazil.
This unusual arrangement has taken observers by surprise. It is normal for a COP president to be from the host country and how this new partnership will work in practice remains to be seen.

Nov 22, 2025

US Designates Saudi Arabia Major Non-NATO Ally

United States formally designated Saudi Arabia as a Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA), marking a historic upgrade in bilateral relations. The announcement came during Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's visit to Washington, D.C., where the two nations finalised a comprehensive strategic cooperation deal covering defence, artificial intelligence (AI), civil nuclear energy, and critical minerals. This move grants Saudi Arabia access to advanced military and economic privileges under US law, without extending the mutual defence commitment that comes with full NATO membership.

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