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Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow: A tribal elder in southern India, a Bollywood star, a young villager. One uses an ingenious piece of bent wire, the second a high-powered rifle, and the last, a jaw trap. The first may make a meal of his catch, the second may carry home the antlers as trophy and the third may sell the skin and bones to a trader. Hunting is perhaps one of the oldest ways in which humans have interacted with wildlife. Over time, as we honed this ancient skill, we systematically drove several animals to extinction. Mastodons, woolly mammoths and moas (giant, flightless birds that lived in New Zealand until the 15th century) were all given the final shove by human hunters unaided by guns or gunpowder. With modern weapons in hand, we did even better. Passenger pigeons, whose massive flocks once darkened American skies, were shot in thousands in the presumption that they could never become extinct. But they did. Closer home, the wolf and tiger teeter on the brink. Their once vast ranges are now mere fragments but still, neither they nor their prey are safe from poison, snare or shotgun. All of this takes place despite some of the most stringent wildlife protection laws in the world. Most hunting was outlawed in India in 1972. Overnight, an activity with complex social and cultural roots became illegal. In some places, the law combined with modern forms of recreation to draw people away from hunting, but has not been able to stop it completely. Despite the widespread availability of affordable farmed meat, hunting for the pot continues because of strong cultural preferences for wild meat. Despite such strong social, economic and cultural roots, we still treat elimination of hunting entirely as a law-enforcement exercise. And this task is in the hands of ill-equipped, poorly-motivated and sometimes corrupt forest department personnel who don‟t always make the best guardians of the law. Alongside enforcement, the law needs widespread public support which can come only if the socio-economic factors of hunting are addressed. Shooting suspected poachers at sight may have helped reduce hunting in Kaziranga but this strategy 13 might not work everywhere. In the Periyar Tiger Reserve, former poachers have been trained and inducted as wildlife guides, providing them an alternative livelihood. In Namdapha Tiger Reserve, addressing a traditional hunting community‟s needs in education, healthcare and livelihood has helped secure their support for the law. These are clear pointers to securing the future of our wildlife – by building context-specific solutions to make hunting implausible and unviable, rather than just illegal. a) What is common between a tribal, a Bollywood star and a young villager according to the passage? (2 marks) b) List four animals/birds that have become extinct due to human intervention. (2 marks) c) Why is hunting prevalent in India despite strong legislation? (3 marks) d) What were the measures ta

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